Characteristics of Fungi are thallophyta plants i.e. their bodies are not divided into main parts, stem and leaves.
Almost all fungal bodies except unicellular fungi are composed of depressed hyphae.
They cannot make their own food because they have chlorophyll in their bodies. Fungi are parasites or midges and take food absorption process.
Fungal cell walls are mainly composed of chitin. Some contain cellulose. Vascular cells are inside the fungal body.
The main storage substance of cells is glycogen, sometimes there may be some Fungi are usually not motile, but some zooids are.
Fungal genitalia are unicellular. A multicellular embryo develops when meiosis occurs in the female genital tract, the zygote.
Characteristics of fungi Produces spores and reproduces asexually and sexually. Fungal spores grow only through the tip.
They have a strong adaptability, because some can increase the temperature. As low as 5°C, others can grow at temperatures above 50°C.
Fungus usually grows In a cool, moist and shady place. Characteristics of fungi overall same Vegetative structures of fungi.
The thalloid thallus of the fungal body can be unicellular or multicellular.
Except for some unicellular organisms such as yeast and simple organisms such as slime molds, All fungal bodies are composed of mycelium.
Mycelium is like a long thin thread. Each thread-like part of the mycelium is called a hypha.
Mycelium is actually a tangled body of fungi made up of hyphae.
Most fungi, either unicellular or mycelial, are either very small in size, so cannot be seen with the naked eye.
But there are fungi that can be seen naked Chief among them are the eyes Frog umbrella Many fungi look like white cotton to the naked eye,
but under the microscope look like many branched webs, these multi-branched web-like physical structures are called mycelium.
Characteristics of fungi which consists of Numerous hyphae Each hyphae is long and cylindrical. The tube is transparent and filled with protoplasts.
Hyphae can be walled or unwalled. Mycelium without wide expansion is called sinocytic mycelium, and mycelium with wide walls is called septate mycelium.
Sinocytic mycelium is seen in primitive lower fungi and septate mycelium in advanced and higher fungi.
Thread-like rhizoids arise from the mycelium of some fungi.
Rhizoids help the fungus to stick to the habitat. mycelium Rhizoids with are called rhizomycelium.
Cell Structure of Fungi
Characteristics of fungi and Cell structure Except for some lower class fungi slime molds, most fungal cells Cell wall and protoplast are divided into two parts.
Although the cell walls of different classes of fungi vary, Chitin is the main component of the cell wall of most fungi.
Characteristics of fungi Apart from this, the lipids melanin etc. are found in the protoplast. Function It is impermeable to water and other solvents.
Protoplast
Characteristics of fungi is All living things with cell wall inside are collectively called protoplast.
Fungal protoplast cell membrane consists of cytoplasm and nucleus.
Cell Membrane
Characteristics of fungi are The inner cell wall is a thin living membrane that is closely set with the cell wall. In some places,
the cell membrane folds into small lomazum formation pockets. The jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane is called cytoplasm.
Cytoplasm Young mycelium and hyphae are densely granular and confluent at the apex.
But mature mycelium contains cytoplasm Relatively thin and hollow.
Cytoplasm is found inside endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria cavity etc. Characteristics of fungi for but no plastids,
Cytoplasmic Golgi bodies have also been demonstrated in some fungi. As glycogen, volutin, oil and fat etc Food nuclei stored in.
The Cytoplasm of Fungi
Characteristics of fungi and Cytoplasm of fungi consists of one or more spherical or ellipsoids.
Each nucleus has a rigid and porous nuclear membrane.
The central region of the nucleus is relatively dense. Some mycologists Consider this central region the nucleolus.
Dimorphism Dimorphism is the ability of fungi to change shape due to different environments.
Histoplasma capsulatum colonizes soil and lives as cospinds Human lungs. this is Histoplasmosis is the cause of the disease.
Food Intake of Fungi
Characteristics of fungi and Fungi take food in the process of absorption. Food is digested by hyphae that secrete food-digesting enzymes around it.
This digested food is hyphae or actively absorbed This action of transport in the cytoplasm usually occurs at the apex of the hyphae.
Foodstuffs are then spread over old body parts by cytoplasmic streaming. Parasitic fungi absorb food through haustoria from within the mantle cells.
Sugar, fatty acids, amino acids, mineral salts and vitamins are the main food of fungi.
Fungal Growth
Characteristics of fungi for During growth, most of the metabolic activity occurs at the apex of the hyphae.
The nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles are attached at the back general Growth tip domes are called hyphae.
In the dome region, the newly formed vesicles are inert, which carries cells. Membrane and cell wall building materials and enzymes.
Reproduction of Fungi
Characteristics of fungi On the basis of reproduction fungi can be divided into two groups namely holocarpic and eucarpic fungi.
When fungi grow throughout the body, their reproductive organs are called holocarpic fungi, Like Synchytrium.
On the other hand, most fungi do not develop reproductive organs in the whole body but one part of it becomes a genital organ and the rest remains as an organ.
For example, fungi Saprolegnia. Fungi have three types of reproduction, asexual, sexual, asexual.
Organogenesis
Characteristics of fungi for Organogenesis in fungi is carried out by the method described by Niss.
Fragmentation: In this process the mycelium of the fungus divides into two or more parts and other environmental parts are adapted to form new mycelium. Eg: Penicillium, Rhizopus .
Emerging
(practical) Characteristics of fungi Up to some point The mother cell wall swells and forms a bud. The nucleus divides to form two pronuclei,
some with pronuclei Cytoplasm is transferred from the mother cell to one of the two budding buds that separate from
the mother cell to form a new fungus. Saccharomyces or yeast fungi are seen.
Binary Fission
Characteristics of fungi for Binary fission occurs in unicellular fungi, where the cell body divides into two daughter
cells by contraction or formation of a wide wall. Examples are Saccharomyces or yeast.
Asexual Reproduction
Characteristics of fungi for Fungi reproduce asexually It is carried out with the help of the same or different types of specialized cells such as spores.
Spores are known by various names such as Odia. Hyphae or appendages of some fungi are divided into small segments forming wide walls Each
segment is oblong or spherical and produces numerous odia or orthospores.
Characteristics of fungi for Each odium separates from the mother body to form a daughter thallus like Coprinus ,
Rhizopus etc or in chains externally from an aerial process called conidiophores in some fungi. Conidia are Unicellular or multicellular.
Conidia germinate to form sterile mycelium. Examples are Penicillium, Aspergillus. alternaria, Phytophthora etc.
Characteristics of fungi for In a favorable environment, such as high humidity and low temperature, fungi produce sporangiospores by propagation.
A special type of hypha or sporangiophore produces sac-like sporangium Top. These sporangia produce sporangiospores.
Spores are of two types i.e. zoospores which are motile. Characteristics of fungi and structures.
Spores may be produced directly by asexual means or indirectly by sexual reproduction.
Sex Reproduction in Fungi
Characteristics of fungi as in other living organisms, involves nuclear fusion leading to the union of two sex cells. Fuse asexual reproduction,
which is simpler and more direct, can be accomplished by several methods. Generally in asexual reproduction,
a single individual produces genetic copies of offspring without genetics. Another person’s contribution.
Characteristics of fungi is Probably the simplest method of fungal reproduction is division of the thallus Fungal body.
Some yeasts, which are unicellular fungi, reproduce by simple cell division, or fission, in which a cell divides.
Into two daughter cells by nuclear division; After some growth, these cells divide and eventually form a population of cells.
Characteristics of fungi In filamentous fungi the mycelium can divide into many parts,
each capable of growing into a new individual. inside pieces The nucleus of the stem cell parent cell then divides;
Daughter nuclei also migrateThallus formation Fungal plates hidden underground in fungi such as Amanita are composed of mycelia and lack specialized tissue.
Characteristics of fungi Almost all fungal hyphae have a cell wall that forms a thallus. Hyphae are multi-branched tubular cells filled with cells,
The cytoplasm tube itself is either continuous or divided into segments or cells by transverse walls called septa. inside Nonseptate hyphae,
nucleus dispersed throughout cytoplasm. Characteristics of fungi Septate hyphae may be up to one per cell, Multiple nuclei,
depending on the type of fungus or stage of hyphal development. Fungi are similar in cell structure to many other organisms.
The nucleus, surrounded by a doublet, is easily seen in the young part of the hypha. membrane and usually contains a nucleolus.
Characteristics of fungi In addition to the nucleus, various organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
ribosomes and liposomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Hyphae are usually nonseptate or incompletely septate.
It allows the movement of cytoplasm out of the cell. Characteristics of fungi with porous septa, different molecules are able to move rapidly between hyphae cells,
but in the absence of septa movement in larger organelles such as mitochondria and the nucleus, both mitochondria And the nucleus can move easily along the hyphae.
Cohesive interactions between filamentous basidiomycota, the nucleus The parent often invades the hypha of the other parent,
as the septa degenerate before their incoming nucleus passage through existing hyphae.
When the incoming nucleus is established, the septa re-form.
Club Fungus
Characteristics of fungi, its Club fungi (Claveria) have a dolipore septum, consisting of a pore that surrounds a septal swelling and septal pore.
There is great variation in septa formation among fungi. Some fungi have civil-like septa called pseudosepta, while others Fungal groups have
one to few porous septa that are small enough to prevent movement of nuclei to adjacent cells. Basidiomycota have a septal structure called
a dolipore septum consisting of a septal swelling and a pore cap. surrounding the septal orifice. This organization allows but restricts
the passage of cytoplasm and small organelles Nucleus movement to varying degrees. The hyphal wall is complex both in structure and composition.
Characteristics of fungi Its exact chemical composition varies in different groups Fungus. In some organisms, such as fungi,
the walls contain considerable amounts of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate. Main component of plant cell wall.
In most fungi, however, two other polymers – chitin and glucan – form one The α-glucan layer, and a special β-1,3-1,6-glucan layer – form
the main structural components of the wall. other chemicals Fungal walls include those that can thicken or harden tissue walls, thus providing rigidity and strength.
chemical The structure of the wall of a particular fungus may vary during different stages of the organism’s growth a potential indicating that
the wall plays some role in determining fungal morphology. Characteristics of fungi Carbohydrates are stored in some fungi Wall during development
which is used in later stages. In some yeasts, the fusion of sexually active cells occurs by the interaction of specific chemicals in the walls of two compatible mating types.
Regular monitoring of blood pressure levels is an important part of assessing a person’s health. Provides blood pressure Information
about blood circulation volume and heart function and thus an important indicator. Human Diseases: Fungi and Other Parasites When
the mycelium grows above the surface of the soil, the culture medium, it appears as a loose, cottony thread-like mass. The richer the texture of the growth medium,
the wider and more massive the filaments.in sugar-In rich growth medium used in the laboratory, assimilating hyphae form a thick, leathery colony.
In soil, in leaves, In animal skin, or other parasitic plant or animal tissues, the hyphae are usually spread out in a loose network.
Its mycelia The so-called higher fungi, however, are sometimes organized into compact masses of various sizes that serve different purposes.
Some of these masses, called functional sclerotia, develop into very hard and fertile bread molds. Rhizopus stolonifera, a species of bread mold,
produces sporangia that bear sporangiospores. Cup fungus Sarcocypha coccineae, a species of cup fungus, is a member of the Ascomycota phylum.
It produces cyst-like spores The structure is called asci. When a fungal mycelium reaches a certain stage of growth, it begins to produce spores directly on somatic hyphae.
or often in specialized sporiferous hyphae, which may be loosely arranged or branched into complex structures. Fruiting bodies, or sporophores.
language of the world Earth tongue fungi have a club-shaped fruiting body and produce ascospores in sacs called asci.
Can cause fungus Spores on somatic hyphae, or specialized spore-producing hyphae, Fungi are characteristically equipped to utilize insoluble carbohydrates such as starch,
cellulose and hemicellulose. Complex hydrocarbons such as lignin. Many fungi can use protein as a source of carbon and nitrogen.
intended for use Insoluble carbohydrates and proteins, fungi first digest these polymers exogenously. Saprotrophic fungi obtain
them food from dead organic matter; Parasitic fungi do this by eating living organisms, thus causing disease Peach brown rot is caused by
the action of enzymes secreted by fungal hyphae. Enzymes soften the peaches, allowing the mycelium to attack the inside of the fruit to absorb nutrients.
Plain Loaf Pan Rhizopus stolonifera grows on bread, showing enlarged stolons, rhizoids and sporangiophores. Fungi secure food by the action of enzymes on
the surface on which they grow; Enzymes digest food, It is then absorbed directly through the hyphal wall. Food must be dissolved to enter the hyphae,
and the entire mycelial The surface of a fungus is able to absorb substances dissolved in water. Fruit rot, such as peaches and citrus fruits,
Where infected parts are softened by the action of fungal enzymes. The peach, soft spot is slightly larger than the actual area invaded by
the hyphae: there is a perimeter of brown spots. Enzyme produced by the fungus Penicillium camembert, which grows on the outer surface of some cheeses.
Some fungi Produces specialized root-like hyphae called rhizoids, which anchor the thallus and possibly adsorb to the growth surface Food.
Many parasitic fungi are more specialized in this regard, producing specialized absorption organs called haustoria. Many fungi are saprotrophic that is,
they obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter. Apart from bacteria, saprotrophic fungi are also responsible for decomposition of organic matter.
They are also responsible for food decomposition and decomposition. Other destructive saprotrophs include fungi that destroy wood and wood Products
because their mycelia attack and digest wood; Many of these fungi have spores that are large, woody, Fruiting bodies such as bracket or shelf fungi.
Paper, textiles and leather are often attacked and destroyed by fungi. this This is especially true in the tropics, where temperatures and humidity are often very high.
Substances of known chemical composition. Fungi generally exhibit similar morphological characteristics in these cultures.
Characteristics of fungi As the media goes wild. Carbon is provided in the form of sugars or starches; Most fungi grow on sugars like glucose,
Protein degradation products, eg protease, peptone. and amino acids, most fungi can use as nitrogen sources; Ammonium compounds and nitrates act as nutrients For many species.
It is doubtful that any fungi can fix or assimilate atmospheric nitrogen into usable compounds.
Chemical elements such as phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, magnesium and small amounts of iron, zinc, manganese and copper
Characteristics of fungi Most of Most fungi require vigorous growth; Elements such as calcium, molybdenum and gallium are essential for at least some species.
Oxygen and hydrogen are absolute requirements; They are provided in the form of water Carbohydrate Many fungi, deficient in thiamine and biotin,
acquire these vitamins from the environment. Mostly fungi They are also thought to be able to synthesize other vitamins needed for growth.
Fungal reproduction process After intensive growth, fungi enter the reproductive stage by producing and releasing large numbers of spores.
Spores Usually single cells are produced either by division of the mycelium or in specializations.
Conclusion
Characteristics of fungi From the above analysis we have come to know that fungi are eukaryotic, nonvascular, nonmotile and heterotrophic organisms.
They may be single-celled or filamentous. They reproduce by means of spores. Fungi demonstrate the phenomenon of change of generations.
Fungi lack chlorophyll and therefore cannot carry out photosynthesis. Fungi store their food as starch. Chitin biosynthesis occurs in fungi.
The nucleus of the fungus is very small. The fungus has no embryonic stage. They are developed from spores. Some fungi can be parasitic and infect the host.
Fungi produce chemicals called pheromones which cause sexual reproduction in fungi. Examples include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts.
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