What’s fungi like mushroom and Fungus is a Latin word that literally means mushroom or umbrella-like object.
In ancient times, Scientists have used the term Fungi refers to derived aggregates such as bacteria, slime molds, and advanced fungi. But actually fungi a group.
Plants that are dead or parasitic live in different environments and cause different types of diseases Not all of them harm us financially,
but many fungi also harm us greatly. They range from simple to unicellular Forms multi-cellular complex bodies.
90,000 species of fungi have been found in the world so far. Today, the branch of botany that deals with fungi is called mycology.
Scientists who study fungi Fungiologists are known as mycologists. According to (Five Kingdom Classification), fungi are considered as a separate kingdom.
What’s fungi like mushroom is Other kingdoms are Menara, Pratistha , Planta and Animalia. According to Alexopolous definition of specialized fungi,
achlorophyllous, nucleated, ovoid mycelial structures with cell walls of chitin and Cellulose and which reproduce asexually and sexually.
Dr. Lynn Margulis (1974) divided the world of fungi into ve phyla. Phyla Hall (1) zygomycota (2) ascomycotan (3) basidomycota (4) deuteromycota (5) mycophycophyta.
Fungal Habitat
mushroom is an Fungal habitat Different types of fungi are found in different habitats, soil, water, air and decaying animal bodies.
Terrestrial fungi usually grow in soils rich in organic matter, especially humus. Terrestrial fungi are considered superior. Aquatic fungi are generally of lower class.
They usually feed on decaying carcasses of aquatic animals. Fungi living in plants and animals live as parasites and cause us a lot of financial loss.
Some fungi live as dead organisms on many of our food products and stored fruits and grains. Honey mushroom is considered to be the largest organism on earth.
It is believed to be about 2400 years old and extensive About 2000 acres of land. It kills many plants over a long period of time.
Some fungi such as Armillaria melia emit light internally in the dark. something The fungus is toxic enough to cause immediate harm to humans or animals. This toxic fungicide is amatoxin.
Directly or Indirectly Importance of Fungi
Numerous fungi living in any environment suitable for organisms are closely involved in our daily life.
Contribute Not a day goes by in our lives when we are not affected by fungus in some way.
What’s fungi like mushroom is A large number of fungi inhabiting our environment play an important role in various biological changes at extremely slow rates.
This role of fungi can be roughly divided into two. Namely beneficial role and harmful role.
Beneficial Role of Fungi
Increases Soil Fertility, Most fungi live and feed on dead animal and plant remains and decaying organic matter.
Through the action of these fungi, complex organic matter is simplified, mixed with inorganic matter and soil, increasing soil fertility.
The Production of Manufactured Goods for Increasing
A variety of fungi are used in industry to prepare our most important chemicals.
Fungi play an important role in production Some food and drink. E.g.
Enzyme Synthesis of Bakery and Organic Acid
What’s fungi like mushroom is Various types of fungi are used to produce enzymes.
With the help of fungi called Aspergillus flavas and A. oryzae, enzymes called digetin, polygin, diastase are produced.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used in bread making factories. Yeast fermentation makes bread fluffy, soft and spongy.
Fungi are used commercially. Various types of organic acids are produced. Oxalic acid from Aspergillus niger,
citric acid from some species Penicillium, gluconic acid, gibberellic acid obtained from Gibberella fujicuri etc. are notable.
Amis Synthesis and Cheese Industry
Human Edible Amis – Enriched yeast cakes are produced by cultivating the fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida urtillis in a mixed culture medium Gur and Aminyar.
These yeast cakes contain up to 15% fat and significant amounts of vitamins.
What’s fungi like mushroom is Green Cheese is made using penicillin sememberti and Penicillium casicolum, and blue cheese is made using Penicillum.
Roqueforti Fat and Vitamin Preparations
Endomyces vernalis and Penicillium javanicum are used for fat. contribution A variety of fungi are notable as sources of vitamins.
Vitamin B is produced from the fungus Ahabya gossipii. Vitamin D from yeast and vitamin C from Aspergillus niger.
Hormone Preparation of Alcohol and Cerevisiae Food
Gibberellin hormone obtained from Gibberella fujikuroi fungus is used for plant growth.
What’s fungi like mushroom and Alcohol has been prepared by fermentation process since ancient times using
various methods Aspergillus orayzae produces wine from rice in the curry process and Saccharomyces similarly produces beer
Mushrooms (Agaricus , Volvarella) Morels (Morchella) Truffles (Tuber) Different species of fungi are used as
highly valuable food in different countries of the world. It is highly nutritious and contains lots of vitamins and minerals.
Medicinal Production
The use of fungi as medicine began with the first discovery in 1929 Sir Alexander Fleming’s Penicillin.
Currently, many antifungal agents are used to treat bacterial and viral infections and fungal infections Fungal species. Antibiotics are called antibiotics.
Griseofulvin is a well-known antibiotic produced Penicillium griseofulvum is secreted as the source of penicillin. Griseofulvin is a potent and effective drugs for
the treatment of various fungal infections. Also antibiotics like chloromycin, neomycin, aureomycin etc. Prepared from some species of lower order fungi.
Conservation of Environment
What’s fungi like mushroom is Till now many living creatures die Their bodies decompose and return various substances to
the environment to balance the environment. As a result, the environment is free from pollution. This process is called bioremediation.
of different species Symbiotic fungi play a role in soil structure and soil formation. Aspergillus is a member of various biodegradants Polymers
(jute, cotton, linen) lipids etc. Many fungi are also used to detect harmful substances in the environment. a lot Fungal species act as biological control agents to destroy harmful organisms.
In Higher Studies Life Cycle of Fungi
Saccharomyces species Used in advanced research work in molecular biology.
Fungal species like Neurospora, Saccharomyces, Ascobolus etc Currently used in various genetic studies.
What’s fungi like mushroom is In the life cycle of sexually reproducing fungi, a haploid phase transitions from a diploid phase.
The haploid phase ends Nuclear fusion and the diploid phase begin with the formation of the zygote.
Meiosis restores haploids Chromosome numbering and the haploid phase begin, which produces gametes. In most fungi, except the zygote,
all structures are haploid. Nuclear fusion occurs during zygote formation and is immediately followed by meiosis.
The change from diploid thallus to haploid thallus is definitely only related to Allomyces and a few genera, and in some yeasts.
The third state in higher fungi is the intersection between the haploid and diploid phases of the life cycle.
In these fungi, Plasmogamy leads to dikaryotic hyphae in which each cell contains two haploid nuclei, one from each parent.
Finally, the nuclear pairs fuse to form the diploid nucleus and thus the zygote. In Basidiomycota, binucleate cells divide periodically
and gives rise to a binucleate mycelium, which is the main conjugative stage of the life cycle. It is binucleate mycelium which eventually form
the basidia stalked fruiting bodies where nuclear fusion and meiosis take place Basidiospore formation. Fungi usually reproduce both sexually and asexually.
The sexual cycle produces myospores and the asexual cycle Mitospores Although both types of spores are produced by the same mycelium, they differ greatly in shape and size .
What’s fungi like mushroom is The distinguishable asexual stage usually precedes the sexual stage of the budding life cycle and may recur frequently before
the sexual stage appears. Some fungi differ from others in that their reproductive stages lack one or the other. For example, some fungi only reproduce sexually,
while others only reproduce asexually. Parasitic processes occur in several fungi, with which comparisons can be made Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and Meiosis.
However, these processes do not occur at a specific time or at a specific point in an organism’s life cycle. Nucleus as well as presence of different
genetic composition. Armillaria Fungi are found in places where there is enough organic matter and moisture for them to grow.
For example, Members of the genus Armillaria are often found in forests where trees such as hardwoods or conifers live. Availability of organic food .
Contribute Certainly one of the factors controlling such distribution. A large number of fungi
Most seem to be able to use organic matter such as lignin, cellulose or other polysaccharides added to the soil or Water by dead plants.
Most saprotrophic fungi are widely distributed around the world, only they need The habitat contains enough organic matter to support their growth.
However, some are strictly tropical and saprotroph Others form strictly temperate zones; Fungi are more localized with specific nutrient requirements.
Humidity and temperature are two additional environmental factors that are important in determining the distribution of fungi.
Examples of this group include so-called snow molds and fungi that spoil refrigerated foods.
Obviously, temperature Relationships affect the distribution of different species. Some other effects of temperature are also important as determining the habitat of fungi.
Detrimental Role of Fungi
Food Decomposition and Reaction Systems, Some dead fungi decompose and Feedback about our food solutions.
Fungi such as Mucor , Aspergillus, Penicillium poil jams, jellies, pickles, chutneys and stored grains. And product spoilage due to fungal attack. Aspergillus flavus produces mycotoxins.
What’s Fungi Like Mushroom Plant Diseases
Caused by parasitic fungi Serious diseases of agricultural crops. Plant diseases like blight, damping off, blast, mildew, smut,
rot etc Different species of parasitic fungi. The Great Famine of 1844-49 in Ireland destroyed the potato fields Brown spot disease of rice.
Diseases of domestic animals, birds and fish, Caused by various species of parasitic fungi Internal and external diseases of the animal body.
Because, for example, athletes’ food contains pathogens. Tinea rubrum, a salmon Fish disease caused by Saprolegnia parasitica.
Human Diseases
Diseases caused by fungi are collectively called Mycosis is the most important fungal disease in humans – some
species of Aspergillus cause various digestive disorders Problems with animals including humans. This is called aspergillosis.
Trichoderma and some species of Candida cause genital warts Ringworm caused by the wart fungus is called dermatomycosis.
Trichophyton fungi cause ringworm in humans. Microsporium The fungus attacks the scalp and causes baldness. A fungus called Candida albicans
damages its mucous membrane Mouth, nails, throat etc. Absidia corymbifera causes human disease called bronchomycosis. Tuberculosis-like Lung disease caused by
Coccidioides fungus is called coccidiomycosis. This disease is also known as California Fever. Some fungi cause a disease called zygomycosis in the pharynx, brain and esophagus.
Wood Decay and Paper Beanstalk
Poria, Fungi such as Phomitopsis, Serpula, Polyporus etc. cause rot or decay of valuable wood. Chitti in Cotton: Cotton gets
spoiled Aspergillus grows on cotton during the monsoon season and produces galls in cotton.
What’s fungi like mushroom are Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium, the fungus grows on paper and causes paper bins.
Miscellaneous
Various species of dead fungi grow on valuables Documents, leather goods, photofilm, and even gold jewelry can damage these items and make them unusable.
Conclusion
From the above analysis we get a clear idea about many beneficial and harmful aspects of fungi, which are very useful in our daily life. Which we often fail to anticipate.
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